ABSTRACT
Background: Taenia solium infections in humans include the infection by the adult tapeworm, these infections are of public health concern and are among the most important afflictions of humans who live in areas of poverty in the developing world and least developed countries. T. solium, a zoonotic disease, transmitted between pigs and humans and among humans, is common in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to estimate the detection rate of T. solium taeniasis among patients and random community screening with an indication of intestinal parasitic infection by routine stool examination. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected from the community and patients. Those who were willing, samples were screened for the cysts/ova/egg by direct microscopic examination by saline, iodine, concentration technique, and modified acid fast staining, were performed to differentiate species of T. solium and Taenia saginata. Results: Overall samples were 2030, out of which 870 stool samples were from community field screening 585 (28.81%) were positive. 1160 from tertiary care center, 668 (32.90%) were positive gave a total prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection of 61.72%. The prevalence of T. solium taeniasis was 194 (9.55%) out of which 92 (4.53%) were from community and 102 (5.02%) were from tertiary care center. Conclusion: The high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation might be due to the poor sanitary, contaminated water, and lack of education that is prevalent in the studied region as in other pockets in rural India. Our study showed the usefulness of the Ziehl-Neelsen modified acid-fast stain for identification of Taenia species.
ABSTRACT
Background: Anxiety disorders are the most frequent mental disorders in children, and contribute to development of secondary complications such as later risks of anxiety disorders, major depression, substance dependence, suicidal behaviour, and other adverse developmental outcomes. Childhood anxiety has been associated with various environmental factors including parenting styles. Temperament influences the way children interact with their parents, and how parents respond to them. Materials and methods: The present pilot study was designed to examine the association between parenting styles, temperament, and child抯 anxiety. A total of 12 children, six in Clinical Group (CG) and six in Healthy Control Group (HG) were recruited. CG consisted of children who met the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders. HG consisted of healthy children matched on age and gender. Results: Anxiety in children was positively associated with father抯 authoritarian and permissive parenting style, and negatively associated with mother抯 authoritative parenting style. Anxiety in children was also negatively associated with temperament dimensions sociability and emotionality, and positively associated with distractibility. There were also significant associations between temperament dimensions and parenting styles, specifically permissive parenting style was negatively associated with sociability and emotionality. Conclusions: The effect of parenting styles in Indian context did not differ from those of West as the study finds both authoritarian and permissive parenting style to be associated with child anxiety. Temperament dimensions were also associated with parenting style and child outcome. This study emphasises the importance of examining dyadic parent-child relationships, and demonstrates that father抯 parenting style also has a significant effect on the child, and having authoritative mother may be a protective factor against anxiety.
ABSTRACT
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), launched by the present government as part of its honouring the Common Minimum Programme (CMP) commitment, had its content shaped by an active process of dialogue between many stakeholders. This article traces the contours of the discussions on three key concerns of civil society that influenced their contributions to the shaping of the National Rural Health Mission agenda. These three concerns were promotion of targeted sterilisation, a retreat of the state from its commitments to the health sector and that the NRHM agenda would lead to privatisation of public health facilities. Whereas fears on targeted sterilisation and retreat of the state may be unrealistic, there is a thrust to increased involvement of the private sector, which needs to be understood in its entirety. There is need for continued engagement byequity concerned public health professionals and health activists at all levels of implementation and not merely community monitoring to influence and shape the National Rural Health Mission in a pro-poor direction.